Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a colorless gas, which was Essay Example For Students

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a dreary gas, which was Essay CO2 originally found in 1577 by Van Helmont who distinguished it in the results of both maturation and charcoal consuming. CO2 is utilized in strong, fluid, and gas structures in an assortment of modern procedures. These include: drink carbonation, dry ice, welding and synthetic concoctions fabricating. It is delivered by the burning of every carbonaceous fuel and can be recuperated in a wealth of ways. Today is generally utilized as a side-effect of manufactured alkali creation, maturation, and from vent gases by retention process. CO2 is additionally a result of creature digestion and is significant in the existence patterns of plants and creatures. It is available in the environment just in little amounts (.03% by vol.) CO2 isn't receptive at ordinary temperatures, yet it structures carbonic corrosive, (H2CO3 ) in watery arrangement. This will experience the normal responses of a frail corrosive to shape salts. I call it carbonic corrosive in light of the fact that within the sight of dampness, which we have surrounding us, it will make a corrosive. CO2 is additionally answerable for the acidic pH of downpour water. With the goal that frightful stuff called corrosive downpour is brought about by CO2. A strong hydrate CO28H20 isolates from watery arrangements of CO2 that are colder at raised weights. It is truly steady at typical temperatures, however shapes CO and O2 when warmed above 1700oC. CO2 can be decreased by a few strategies, the most widely recognized being its response with hydrogen (H). This is the opposite of the water gas move response, normally utilized in the creation of hydrogen and smelling salts. It can likewise be diminished with hydrocarbons and carbons at raised temperatures. CO2 will respond with alkali to frame ammonium carbonate. CO2 + NH3 NH4 + CO3. We people additionally produce CO2 with each breath we take, yet the sum is too little to even think about harming anybody. Carbon dioxide can be hazardous at more elevated levels however. A minor 5% by vol. of the gas noticeable all around expands the breathing rate and long measures of introduction can prompt obviousness or even passing. The gas carbon dioxide is a lot heavier than the air around us and is additionally heavier than its companion carbon monoxide. Its thickness is a lot more prominent and it turn will make the gas be more enthusiastically for plants to dispose of rapidly. Some researcher even say it will empty like a fluid into the air.Bibliography:

Mjkknhjk Free Essays

string(28) to be the standard rhythm. Running Head: THE RHETORICAL ANALYSIS IN â€Å"NO WOMAN NO CRY† The Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"No Woman No Cry† by Bob Marley and the Wailers Karen Start Dr. Felicia Dziadek Composition 1301 October 1, 2011 Abstract In this paper, the logical examination of the verses to â€Å"No Woman No Cry†, put on the map by Bob Marley and the Wailers, has been broke down to uncover the talk mean. Chronicled occasions in the Jamaican government’s activities impacted the vocalist to secure, in a tranquil way, the individuals and culture of his nation, Jamaica. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mjkknhjk or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Redundancy of expressions, sentence structure, tones and estimations of the tune are utilized by the craftsman to help â€Å"move† the individuals at that point and still today. The Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"No Woman No Cry† by Bob Marley and the Wailers Try not start the initial sentence with a statement. â€Å"1979, Boston, MA, live at Amandla Festival-Harvard Stadium, Bob Marley and the Wailers played out the tune ‘No Woman No Cry’ early afternoon since advertisers dreaded a mob [would flash in the boulevards. † (moga1985’s Channel, 2006) One of the extraordinary tunes at any point composed, â€Å"[n]umber 37 on Rolling Stone’s 500 Greatest Song of All Time† (Wailers, B. M. , 2011. ), had a gigantic effect on society when the popular artist Bob Marley assisted with bringing harmony into his nation. Be that as it may, would could it be that draws in and convinces individuals to respond subsequent to tuning in to expressions of an entertainer? The music,take out the verses, tones, beat, or is it the explanatory articulation inside the melody? In the wake of finishing the ongoing exploration of â€Å"No Woman No Cry†, the proposed reason for this song is said to lecture the word for a superior government, and is committed to Bob Marley’s mother, Ciddy, for the love and bolster she gave through the tough situations in Trenchtown, Jamaica. The individuals of Jamaican took the expository significance of the tune energetically. Uprisings and mobs were dreaded to hit the roads to battle for harmony and love the locals merited in Jamaica. Sway Marley’s face and name spins around the intense difference in Jamaica. Taking the hetorical significance of this basic tune is sufficiently able to be utilized as a weapon to ensure rights; to have a superior life. To help further comprehension of Bob Marley’s words, the data gathered has been built, broke down, and formed into an idea of the expository examination, (and the thinking for the words painstakingly picked for the tune â€Å"No Woman No Cry†) take this out. Weave Marley deliberately picked his words for the tune â€Å"No Woman No Cry† to show the urgent requirement for harmony and to love to his country by utilizing reiterations, an assortment of tones and beats, and serene disobedience. The explanatory examination of Bob’s melodies assisted with persuading the individuals into a comprehension of the requirement for harmony. In regular day to day existence we experience explanatory circumstances, for example, promotions or just attempting to get somebody to raise the indoor regulator without asking however at first introducing the issue. In most logical circumstances, individuals keep on holding the music or cadence without seeing the talk in melodies, sonnets, and articles. Such a model is the well known repetative tune â€Å"No Woman No Cry† by Bob Marley and the Wailers. It is accepted the melody was purposefully composed for Bob Marley’s mother, Ciddy, or for his nation and religion. Purpose behind such expository words was a result of the autonomy of Jamaica. Marley was being â€Å"[e]xposed to the steadfast real factors of contemptible neediness, low compensation, unhealthiness and infection and an absence of political rights by poor people, houses which were anything from cardboard boxes to pounded out oil drums nailed together, detours, movement, [and] food deficiency. † (rasta man vibrations, 2011. Life turned out to be hard for the Jamaicans thusly the song’s logical message identifies with the legislative issues at the time being and affected millions worldwide for harmony. The expression â€Å"[i]n the administration yard in Trenchtown, Oba, ob-serving the hypocrites† (Ford, Vincent, 1976) alludes to the absence of help and backing for the individuals languishing. Marley’s defiance wasn’t just to lec ture how awful the administration is or to convince people in general to revolt; in actuality his voice rang another ringer. To show the world to love and deal with each other is the message in the middle of the lines of the verses. His well known expression â€Å"No Woman No Cry† has engraved the Jamaican government with a logical circumstance of difficult situations throughout everyday life, and the tone harmony and love sets a decent perspective in the people’s hearts; in which helped the development of Jamaican autonomy. The message from the verses implies something beyond singing to be heard, it’s about having a superior life, and to show that â€Å"No Woman [should] No[t] Cry† (Ford, Vincent. ) on the grounds that the future will be better. To get to the logical message, you should initially find the highlights of the tune â€Å"No Woman No Cry† for a superior comprehension of how and why the verses and beats impact the message. The development of a tune can show different attributes about the artist’s appearances or convictions. First perceived by the crowd are the phrasing and the sequential request of thoughts from the entertainer. Bounce Marley’s picked of words are basically casual expression. He addresses his crowd as though he actually knows them. Bob’s language is so enthusiastic and his words identify with the crowd on a profound individual level. A well known decision of composing is redundancy of words or expressions additionally utilized in the â€Å"No Woman No Cry†. The lines â€Å"No Woman No Cry† and â€Å"Everything’s going to be alright† (Ford, Vincent. are rehashed and keep a more profound message stanzas simply observing the plain content. Sentence structure is additionally an accommodating device utilized by craftsman. The game plan of thoughts in a melody is significant. In the Also, the presentation of the melody is exceptionally advance d. Since Marley’s words were so energetic, individuals actually made the logical message into move. Most reggae music is a type of consistent beat and ska consolidated and eased back. Typically the third or fourth string is highlighted and this will in general be the standard mood. You read Mjkknhjk in class Papers The mood, beats, redundancy of words, and the request for Bob Marley’s thoughts all add to the logical message of the melody. Substance and structure are introduced in the tune and compare to each other. The principle reason got from â€Å"No Woman No Cry† was the straightforward reality to not stress or stress and that the individual will be consoled â€Å"everything will be alright†. The creator of the tune offers to the explanation of hardship in Trechtown, Jamaica. Such explanation of this is the difference in Jamaica’s government control. Freedom was won in a matter of seconds before the explosion of reggae music. Individuals started to see life diversely and move to another planned. Not exclusively does Bob Marley make music however he likewise changes numerous individual personalities on an assortment of subjects. At the point when people tune in to the words introduced in a melody, they structure a picture or story of what the entertainer is presenting. For the melody â€Å"No Woman No Cry†, the crowd surmises it is about a lady and the entertainer is attempting to promise her that there is no motivation to cry. In any case, in all actuality, the sweet words are coordinated into two different ways. One line in the verses â€Å"Then we would cook cornmeal porridge† (Ford, Vincent. ) is eferring to the meals Marley would appreciate with his mom. â€Å"Although porridge for supper meant that the family’s financial need it was additionally on the other hand a sign of solidarity and love through Bob’s fulfillment with having such a dinner. † (rasta man vibratio ns, 2011. ) This line is so genuine about the recollections he imparted to his mom growing up poor without food. In the wake of breaking down the melody, an alternate point of view is shaped. Larger part of the crowd expect the explanatory message is coordinated to the connection among Marley and his family and furthermore to lecture for a superior arrangement of government for Jamaica. Genuinely the crowd feels a feeling of hurt, expectation, and quieting harmony from the entertainer. To add to this sense, type of the verses assists with depicting such feelings. The structure of correspondence is etched into open correspondence; â€Å"In different words, it is the aim of the communicator that what is imparted may be gotten/captured by anybody. † (Faulkner, Andrew, 2009. ) The entertainer, Bob Marley, uses such correspondence in trusts the crowd will get the data of the general population to comprehend and keep on battling for the expectation of having a free and tranquil nation. This utilization of structure and substance enables the craftsman to contact the general population. Marley’s way to deal with people in general and the strategies he had picked were helpful to get his explanatory message in his melody clear to the point. Entertainers compose and sing for different reasons and another key component to a performer’s composing is his crowd. When tuning in to a melody, an idea of whom the verses are coordinated to is proposed. ‘Who could the author perhaps be guiding his focus toward? ’ is question frequently inferred. In the point of view of Marley, his aims were to his kin; the locals enduring in Jamaica. At that point we would prepare corn supper porridge, Of which I’ll share with you† this line considers the dinners Bob Marley would eat with his mom. At the time in Jamaica, the general population was so poor they couldn’t stand to have a decent variety of food. The message inside these lines is coordina ted to his mom. L

The Transition from Childhood to Adulthood in Joyce Carol Oates Where

The Transition from Childhood to Adulthood in Joyce Carol Oates' The place Are You Going, Where Have You Been? All individuals experience changes throughout their life. A portion of these progressions are little, for example, the going starting with one evaluation then onto the next in school. Different changes are increasingly extreme, for example, the progress from youth to adulthood. In Joyce Carol Oates? ?Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?? Oates goes into profundity with respect to the change from being a joyful, blameless youngster to adulthood. In the short story ?Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?? two separate universes are attracted to the reader?s consideration. The first is the typical every day life of Connie, a multi year old young lady living in a home with her folks. Connie?s every day life is basic adolescence. The second is the day Arnold Friend appears at her doorstep and carries with him the troubles of what's on the horizon. Connie is depicted similar to an appealing multi year old young lady whose activities are cliché of what one may anticipate from a young lady her age. She invests her energy tuning in to music, shopping, fantasizing, having a fabulous time, and attempting to meet young men. Her companions share similar interests and when they are as one they, ?would lean together and murmur and snicker furtively?. ( ) Connie puts on two unique shows, one to her companions and a totally isolated one to her family. ?Everything about her had different sides to it, one for home and one for anyplace that was not home.?( ) Connie doesn't show any genuine warmth ...

The New Fuss About College Essay on Injuries

<h1> The New Fuss About College Essay on Injuries </h1> <p>It's conceivable to harm any part of the human body when playing sports, the articulation sport wounds is used to allude to wounds of the musculoskeletal. Sports wounds Within sport there are a few factors that may instigate injury. A games injury can inspire a lot of emotionspain and disillusionment, to list a couple. Game related wounds are a huge worry among young competitors and can impact their life in different manners. </p> <p>The hardware must be examined or check as an approach to stay away from the wounds among the staff engaged with social fabulous toll reason for portable blood drive especially for the mixture of the citrate. A compelling cool down will also assist with lessening wooziness, which might be brought about by halting an action unexpectedly. With respect to cardiovascular infection hazard and general health, a former life as a profoundly fit, serious competitor isn't as si gnificant than a current routine of physical movement. Talk about tips to forestall execution nervousness preceding a gigantic game. </p> <p>There are things individuals can learn through games that might be viewed as valuable and worth learning. Wrong method or data offered to a player during preparing could cause a physical issue in a match. Tragically, various different understudies have decisively a similar thought. Look at Ten Skills to Highlight in Your College Applications to discover increasingly about qualities universities need in candidates. </p> <h2> College Essay on Injuries Explained </h2> <p>In the USA, 30 million individuals partake in the game. Football has a greater extent of wounds and blackouts than most games yet notwithstanding all that it's despite everything respected among the best games in the USA followed by b-ball and baseball. For women, the most extreme injury costs are in soccer and vaulting. </p> <p>Attempting to focus on a game while guaranteeing that your evaluations are acceptable so the competitor doesn't lose the grant is incredibly nerve-wracking. On the off chance that competitors were paid they wouldn't have to stress over free grants. School competitors need direction on how best to make the progress from the level of school sports, in particular creating programs that instruct competitors on the estimation of long lasting movement and the best approach to find exercises which may give them fulfillment and satisfaction, states Simon. They ought to be paid in light of the fact that they buckle down however continue serious wounds rather than cash. </p> <h2>Finding the Best College Essay on Injuries </h2> <p>Injuries are a piece of life yet when you're a competitor, it is something which you can even have when you're not expecting them at all. In addition to the fact that they affect a competitor, yet additionally attempting to concentrate on school and keep up a high evaluation point normal is an exceptionally extreme activity. During the recuperation methodology for injury if it's a drawn out physical issue you will encounter alot of tension. Having a physical issue and being out from your game might be one of the most troublesome things to deal with throughout everyday life. </p> <h2> Most Noticeable College Essay on Injuries </h2> <p>Instead of the people that are in charge of the association making the entirety of the cash, they should have a portion of their pay rates slice so as to give the understudy competitors a specific amount of cash for every semester they take an interest in a game. The genuine people profoundly acclaim our paper help site. All you will require is to demand article help composed by methods for a master in your scholarly field. All the organizations were taken, and anyone could set up a business and fabricate it to the level of prevailing by the meaning of prevail ing right now. </p> <p>Athletes don't have any chance to obtain even low maintenance work since they're additionally preparing or doing homework. Regularly understudies make the mistake of endeavoring to sound hyperimpressive in their papers as opposed to articulating their actual, bona fide selves. </p> <p>Such articles likewise are generally monotonous of various segments of the application and don't use the exposition area to its total potential. Following subjects are totally unsurprising you will find enough sources to expound on, and you're probably going to savor your exploration. Since you can see there are a lot of points which can be identified with sports inquire about papers, and that implies you can pick the course and make your own paper on a limited subject. Sports examine paper themes spread a wide choice of fields. </p> <h2> The Secret to College Essay on Injuries</h2> <p>Letter of agree will be given to the representatives to uncover them conce rning the planned befits of research. The limit of the populace to spend in various exercises of relaxation was the aspect of the people that got the advertisers' advantage. In addition, there's an arrangement of web injury site that gives data on the typical wounds, which are endured by greater part of the players. </p>

Life, Death and Psychology Journal Article

<h1> Life, Death and Psychology Journal Article </h1> <h2>The Birth of Psychology Journal Article </h2> <p>Panic assault manifestations are a standard response. Post-awful pressure issue, happening in the outcome of an especially horrendous accident, may prompt extreme flashbacks and an insufficiency of responsiveness to boosts. Restlessness or sluggishness, which may happen during the absolute initial barely any weeks however then disappears. Queasiness, which for the most part disappears inside a few days. </p> <p>Cultural contrasts can impact principal perception of even general articulations. A few people with PTSD might need to give one of a kind medicines to locate a shot what works for their manifestations. Albeit different circumstances tend to evoke special examples of stress reactions, what's more, there are singular contrasts in pressure reactions to precisely the same condition. You ought to have your reasons, and our chief concern is that you end up getting a superb evaluation. </p> <p>Say you find a charming reality in the presentation of the report. The presentation is the underlying segment of the most significant body of an APA paper. When you understand the straightforward structure of the post, your absolute initial step must be to quickly skim through the material. </p> <p>Essays could be daintily altered for comprehensibility or to shield the namelessness of patrons, yet we don't alter paper models before distribution. Perusing model expositions works absolutely a similar way! It's conceivable to peruse Angell's article on Darwin in full at no expense by means of the following connection. </p> <p>Some even go so far to get a second dynamic like content that conveys a veritable breakdown of article. Diary articles are the place you will go over the latest, most important data to any theme you decide to investigate. To do this, the Journal is separated into three areas. Decide on a manual for reconsider. </p> <p>Group treatment is the ideal restorative setting since injury survivors are prepared to discover help and bolster when sharing horrible material in a safe climate. Different treatments focus on social, friends and family, or occupation related difficulties. Anyway I additionally feel that it should develop and change as an approach to stay an adequate treatment model. Exhaustive mediation models give the most extreme nature of care to the patients they care for. </p> <p>ADAA individuals are given a complimentary yearly on-line membership to Depression and Anxiety, ADAA's web diary. Many investigations additionally have been led that show connectedness between the two factors. </p> <p>Psychological testing signifies the organization of mental tests. Family treatment is such a directing that includes your whole family, as PTSD can impact the entire family. Psychotherapy can happen one-on-one or inside a gathering design. Psychotherapy is the thing that many individuals consider when they hear the term brain research. </p> <p>These segments are consistently in the specific request, so when you see how to understand them, you will consistently be able to find your direction. Discovering how to peruse such a composing is generally an issue of understanding, yet using a couple basic strategies can make this method significantly simpler. Understudies have occupied existences and as often as possible disregard a moving toward cutoff time. Effective relational connections want a feeling of connectedness and trust. </p> <p>Let's state you should buy paper for school. In the wake of finding our site, you will no longer should trouble loved o nes with these sorts of solicitations. </p> <p>Next, you should give a brief abstract of the report. You're ready to sort which articles will be helpful and which won't simply by realizing where to start. Regardless of whether you're searching for data that bolsters the theory in your paper or cautiously dissecting the short article and evaluating the examination procedures or discoveries, there are significant inquiries which you should reply as you read the guide. 2 Write an article audit to set up help for a greater work, similar to a postulation, thesis or book. </p> <p>It is, obviously, ridiculous to accept that we would ever dispense with human mistake. At the point when you've perused the entire article, return are fire looking into the data which you didn't comprehend utilizing another source. Then again, the reference area can really be one of the most significant bits of the paper, especially in the event that you are keen on finding extra hotspots for your own paper. All things considered, there's an extraordinary harmony among amount and gauge of data provided.</p>

Rubrics For Research Papers In College

<h1>Rubrics For Research Papers In College</h1><p>Rubrics for inquire about papers in school can be an enormous resource with regards to reviewing. For those of you that are self-coordinated and increasingly self-coordinated, I recommend that you look at my site beneath to figure out how to structure your own rubrics.</p><p></p><p>The reason that rubrics for inquire about papers in school are so significant is on the grounds that you will utilize them for everything. From majoring to inquire about papers, the entirety of your assignments will start with a rubric that you have drafted. This will help in making some sort of request inside your assignments that will assist you with making an increasingly effective grade.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to examining, there are numerous things that you need to do all through the semester for school. Along these lines, you will likewise need to arrange yourself and ensure that yo u don't fall behind on your examinations. By utilizing rubrics for look into papers in school, you will have the option to ensure that you don't miss anything. On the off chance that you do miss something, at that point you will have an approach to ensure that you comprehend what you are missing.</p><p></p><p>College is such a big deal of life. One thing that is essential to recollect is that you should possess energy for others. Exploiting the way that you will have the option to get an additional hour of rest every night is an incredible time the executives apparatus that will permit you to have the option to invest energy with others while as yet getting your work done.</p><p></p><p>Another thing that you need to consider with regards to examining is making the most of various associations and openings that are offered to you. By making the most of such chances, you will have the option to discover new companions and associations th at will permit you to get to where you have to go quicker than you may have the option to otherwise.</p><p></p><p>As I said previously, rubrics for look into papers in school are an immense advantage for you as an understudy. You will find that having a rubric for your investigations will assist you with structuring your life so that you will consistently be on the privilege track.</p><p></p><p>In request to ensure that you are set up for every task, you should plan a few unique assignments without a moment's delay. Doing this will give you more opportunity to examine, and yet, it will assist you with accomplishing better evaluations also. Most importantly by booking assignments that you realize should be done, you will have the option to guarantee that you have better grades.</p><p></p><p>To get familiar with the advantages of composing your own rubrics for inquire about papers in school, make certain to look a t my site beneath. You will have the option to get familiar with how you can improve your evaluations in college.</p>

Writing a Fictional Essay Topic

<h1>Writing a Fictional Essay Topic</h1><p>The thought of composing an anecdotal paper subject may sound hard to get a handle on, however on the off chance that you have a grip of the principles of punctuation and rationale, it isn't so difficult. With a touch of training, you will have the option to traverse the whole topic.</p><p></p><p>One fundamental technique to utilize is to incorporate the real factors. It is smarter to adhere to realities instead of in exactly the same words remarks. Likewise, on the off chance that you have to incorporate some different option from realities, adhere to that, too.</p><p></p><p>Make sure to break the passage into a few areas. Along these lines, you can incorporate realities and focuses, just as sections about the utilization of words, the idea of a contention, and the genuine contention itself. For instance, on the off chance that you were expounding on the best way to utilize a twofold negative, you would remember a contention for your first passage that depends on a real thought that doesn't have a twofold negative. You may likewise incorporate a section that clarifies the twofold negative in a general way.</p><p></p><p>In along these lines, the peruser gets the basic realities about the subject and gets a feeling of the essence of what you are expounding on. Since you are writing in an anecdotal style, you don't have to include data that would simply stable like you were discussing the genuine world.</p><p></p><p>If you feel that you experience issues overcoming the subject, at that point have a go at composing a paper in a true to life book. A verifiable book is bound to utilize true models. Notwithstanding, verifiable books are commonly composed to help a contention and won't generally give any genuine examples.</p><p></p><p>You ought to consistently recollect that anecdotal paper subjects are best when they are short, succinct, and forthright. Recall that in the event that you need the peruser to recollect you, you should make them see your point quickly.</p><p></p><p>To compose an anecdotal exposition subject that can lure the peruser, the key is to give them an away from of what you are attempting to state. On the off chance that you make the point in the absolute first section, you will have the option to give the peruser data they don't definitely think about the subject. You would then be able to move the remainder of the article into a similar passage by utilizing a contention you have made.</p>

Writing an Essay About Prison - Researching the Topic and Using a Neutral Third Person

<h1>Writing an Essay About Prison - Researching the Topic and Using a Neutral Third Person</h1><p>A school article about jail can be more perplexing than a standard exposition. It requires a more close to home methodology than most paper subjects, which makes it progressively hard to compose. The jail theme is a touchy subject and numerous understudies would prefer not address it in their articles. However, as an educator, you ought to go past your own morals of the theme and help understudies to compose an exposition that tends to this subject with no controversy.</p><p></p><p>First, consider a school paper about jail as a study hall task for the motivations behind research. At the point when you show understudies a dubious subject, it's anything but difficult to determine what their outlook is and where they're coming from. You can discover by asking them inquiries like, 'Is there an issue that you feel firmly about?' or 'What do you would like to achieve by expounding on this issue?' You can assist understudies with writing a very much contemplated article about jail by helping them to investigate the issue, finding the appropriate responses and asking them how they want to expound on the topic.</p><p></p><p>In expansion, consider a grounds composing task as a feature of your schedule. Since your understudy's principle objective is to get into school, your understudies will come to class with a motivation to finish their assignments on schedule. Therefore, your composing task could fill in as a guard between an unremarkable understudy and a strong understudy. At the point when your understudy's semester assignments are deferred, you as the educator can utilize this chance to show your understudies what kind of composing they ought to do. Furthermore, if your understudy is utilizing their composing task as a chance to build up another aptitude, at that point they'll profit by your intercession as well.</p><p></p><p>When you start a school paper about jail, you have to think about specific elements. For a certain something, it's significant that you compose from a third-individual point of view. This is on the grounds that its absolutely impossible to know precisely what your understudy is feeling. The understudies you instruct are unpracticed and, accordingly, will be reluctant to shout out and show their actual emotions. Accordingly, their thoughts may never be seen. Therefore, you need to depict your understudy's contemplations in an unbiased third-individual voice.</p><p></p><p>Another basic part is including material that is hard to pass on in an exposition. For instance, in case you're attempting to clarify how jails give a place of refuge to numerous prisoners, it very well may be hard to communicate that idea recorded as a hard copy. Be that as it may, you can assist understudies with communicating this idea using pic tures. You might need to incorporate these in lieu of just words.</p><p></p><p>A school article about jail is likewise particularly an uneven piece, particularly in the event that you've been showing the point for a little while. At the end of the day, your understudies should see the paper as an unprejudiced viewpoint and be set up to share their own musings. Without your understudies introducing their own perspective, it will be hard to increase a genuine point of view about the topic.</p><p></p><p>Finally, it's significant that you invest enough energy considering your exposition subject. There are such a significant number of points of view on the subject that it's significant that you consider every one of them before you begin composing. For instance, you might need to incorporate the point of view that originates from your understudy's family, companions or peers.</p><p></p><p>As you can see, composing a school paper about jail can be an intricate procedure. However, when you figure out how to consider the subject in an alternate manner, you can make the paper a lot simpler to compose. Remember that in addition to the fact that you want to introduce a very much examined contention, however you additionally need to allow your understudy to communicate themselves.</p>

The Chronicles of Argumentative Essay Topics about Depression

How to Write Your Extended Essay Topic

How to Write Your Extended Essay TopicAfter receiving your report card, your teacher may think you are a good student but if you can't think of what are the topics the extended essay can be on, then you need to start working on that. There are some areas that your teacher may want you to write on. Make sure that you go through this with your teacher. They are always looking for ways to help their students improve.When you get to the subject of what are the topics the extended essay can be on asked of you, it is very important that you think about it and how it relates to your own life. Think about where you are in your life and decide if it can be something that you are going to focus on in your classes. You have to think about the kind of information that you want to put into your topic. This is the most important part of writing an essay.The subject is one thing that you can do. The topic is something that you can do when you are writing the essay. The subject is very important bec ause it tells the reader what kind of writing you are going to do and if they like what you are doing, they will learn about it.The first thing that you should do when you ask the question of what are the topics the extended essay can be on is to take a look at yourself. Once you think about your life and what is going on in your life, you will know what the main topic of the essay will be.Sometimes you may find that the topic that you have picked is something that is not the main focus of your life. For example, if you live in an apartment, then it is something that is not the main part of your life. However, if youare going to tell your life in the essay, then it should be something that is important to you.To find out the main topic of your life, you need to write about it. What is the main topic of your life? If you find that it is not what you were thinking about when you were writing the essay, then you need to rethink the topic that you have picked.Usually, a lot of students find that their life is something that is very boring. For example, if you are the best friend of the person who is in the class, they are probably going to forget that you are actually an actual person. They are not going to remember your name. However, they are going to remember your friendship.If you are able to be in a class that is not boring to you, then you are going to find out what are the topics the extended essay can be on. If you are able to write about things that you enjoy, then you are going to be able to do well in your classes.

Essay Samples - Choosing The Right Personal Statement For Chicago University

Essay Samples - Choosing The Right Personal Statement For Chicago UniversityMany schools will offer you some essay samples to choose from. Some college degree programs even have their own essay writers and you can even get help with your personal statement by writing an essay for college. By taking advantage of Chicago University essay samples, you'll be able to focus on your personal statement and other subjects instead of going back and forth between your personal statement and your essays.While you'll want to make sure the essay samples are high quality, you should still make sure you are able to write a persuasive essay. Remember that it is just like any other personal statement you write in college. You have to convince the reader that they should hire you for the job and want to hire you to do their job.One thing you should remember when writing essays is to make sure you're writing about something that interests you. For example, if you're writing a paper about your favorite f ilm, you should also make sure you watch your favorite film. This will help you determine what is important to you.If you are unable to find the Chicago University essay samples that interest you, then try and read online. You'll be able to take a look at several essays from different schools and determine which one is best for you. You may also be able to find a professor who has a personal essay of their own that you can read.In addition to trying to read several essays on the internet, it's also a good idea to make sure you have a personal statement to read as well. It's very important that you know exactly what your essay is going to cover. You may not be able to use an essay sample to tell you what you want to talk about, but you should at least be able to tell what your goals are with your essay.You should also keep in mind that when you read the essays from Chicago University and others, you should always read them out loud. This is very important because you want to make sur e you understand what you are reading. The last thing you want to do is go back and read it over again because you did not understand the first time.Finally, you should put as much effort into your personal statement as you would put into your essays. If you don't feel that you can write a good personal statement, then you should reconsider whether or not you want to go back to college. The only way you're going to learn how to write a good personal statement is to write one.Hopefully these Chicago University essay samples will help you write your personal statement better. Remember that you don't have to follow every rule or try to copy every word the professor writes. Just make sure you know why you're applying for the job, and you should be fine.

Refugee Blues Essay - 1013 Words

Refugee Blues W. H. Auden’s poem of despair, misery, and isolation, â€Å"Refugee Blues†, describes the hardships faced by two German Jewish refugees attempting to escape Hitler’s Germany. Published in autumn, 1939, Auden is surrounded by the anti-Sematic hatred that is growing in Germany six months prior to the outbreak of World War II. Auden utilizes this environment and the experiences of German Jews to express the abuse of human rights and the sentiments of refugees. For the near two thousand years that the Jewish people have lived in Europe, they have constantly battled anti-Semitism, having to defend themselves, physically and emotionally, time and time again. In 1920, Jewish people encountered anti-Semitism from the Nationalist†¦show more content†¦Stanza seven focuses on Hitler’s horrific regime, expressed metaphorically. His command for all Jews to be killed is personified as the rumbling of thunder that can be heard just before light ning strikes, and the world descends into the chaos of a political storm. The last stanza of the poem describes Jewish people being hunted, either by death squads or by soldiers looking to put them into labor camps. Throughout the poem, Auden uses contrast to demonstrate the struggle of the inequality of Jewish people. He juxtaposes Jewish people with animals, displaying the disdainful perception of German Jewish refugees through the lines, â€Å"Saw a poodle in a jacket fastened with a pin. Saw a door opened and a cat let in, but they weren’t German Jews my dear† (22-23). The speaker reflects that cats were welcomed into open doors, yet they were not. Additionally, the refugee speaks of how he, â€Å"Saw the fish swimming as if they were free† (26), and how the fish in the quay are free, yet they were not. Auden shows that animals were treated with more compassion than Jewish refugees. Also, Auden considers one of the most prominent contrasting parts of th e poem – the Jews’ condition of hanging between legal and biological death. The legal death that Auden refers to is depicted throughout the poem; describing loss of home (3), country (4), and documentation. In the fourth stanza he describes a consul, violentlyShow MoreRelatedThe Refugee Blues And Inside Dachau Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pagesthe â€Å"Refugee Blues† Experiences, emotional events, and imaginations are often condensed into poetic forms of expression. In Refugee Blues and Inside Dachau, W.H. Auden and Sherman Alexie brought to the fore the struggles and conflicts that characterize humanity through the dynamics of political plots and human biases. A refugee is a psychologically or physically displaced person from their conceived home or country either by reason of tribe, war, religion or politics. Thus, being a refugee meansRead MoreComparing The Last Night By Sebastian Faulks And Refugee Blues 1617 Words   |  7 Pagesand ‘Refugee Blues’ by W.H. Auden are similar in a sense that they both describes the suffering and alienation of the Jews at the time of World War Two. However, they are not identical as ‘The Last Night’ is an extract from Sebastian Faulk’s book describing the suffering of the French Jew s journey before they were deported to a concentration camp whereas ‘Refugee Blues†™ is a poem about the hardships of the refugees that fled from Germany before the Holocaust to Britain. In ‘Refugee blues’ theRead MoreCompare and Contrast Auden’s and Faulks’ Use of Detail Establish a Feeling of Alienation in ‘Refugee Blues’ and ‘the Last Night’1043 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and contrast Auden’s and Faulks’ use of detail establish a feeling of alienation in ‘Refugee Blues’ and ‘The Last Night’ Both Sebastian Faulks and W. H. Auden write about the tales of Jewish refugees living in the time of holocaust during WW2 in their two pieces, ‘The Last Night’ and ‘Refugee Blues’. By using literary techniques such as imagery and tone both writers, Auden and Gray create a sense of alienation for the characters portrayed in their writing. Both Auden and Gray create aRead MoreRefugee Blues by W.H Auden878 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Refugee blues† is 1 of the poems written by W H Auden. It is about a sad and terrible plight of being a Jew in the wrong place at the wrong time. Obviously, as a refugee, the couple has lost their home, their country and their identity. The melancholy feeling comes through strongly in the blues - a sad song. Though the poem is about 2 people at a particular time in the past the thoughts and feelings of the poem’s narrator might be similar to situations in any part of the world 2day.this poem isRead MoreRefugee Blues and Disabled Comparison (Almost Finished)2472 Words   |  10 PagesDisabled / Refugee Blues: A Poem Comparison Essay The subject of war and the loss of human life has had a deep influence on poetry of the first half of the 20th century. Many poets from around the world had felt the direct impact of earth-shattering wars and went on to express their opinions through their works. It was during wartime eras that the poems Disabled and Refugee Blues were written by Wilfred Owen and W.H. Auden respectively. Both of the given war poems are consideredRead MoreRefugee Blues’ by Auden and ‘The Last Night’ Essay1917 Words   |  8 Pagesfeeling of alienation in conjunction with isolation through manipulating their imagery and tone. ‘Refugee Blues’ is rooted in the 1930†²s pre-second world war, when the Jewish communities were being punished for countless mistakes they had not even made. If we break down the title of both texts we can already begin to interpret the different tones, as well as emotions that will be in the pieces. ‘Refugee’ comes from the word refuge, which means safety, safety for the people who have been forced to leaveRead MoreDisabled a Poem by Wilfred Owen and Refugee Blues by W.H. Auden1219 Words   |  5 PagesBoth Wilfred Owen and W.H Auden effectively express their opinions on the sensiti ve topic of war, having experienced the direct impact of it first hand which is indisputably evident in their poems ‘Disabled’ and ‘Refugee Blues’ respectively. Both the poems focus on the intense depiction of the unglamorous consequences tied with war. ‘Disabled’ as per the title is about a young soldier disabled both physically and emotionally during combat. The poem is written in close focus third person and zoomsRead MoreAnalysis Of Refugee Blues By W H Auden And Disabled By Wilfred Owen1486 Words   |  6 Pageskeep going, not expecting life to get better-just hoping. 1 ‘Refugee Blues’ by W H Auden and ‘Disabled’ by Wilfred Owen are two poems that describe the theme of loss to an extreme level to a point in which their characters are unsure whether to keep going, or end their misery. Owen refers to death and questions him, â€Å"Why don t they come?† suggesting that he would rather let death take him than live life as a cripple. ‘Refugee Blues’ has a distinct theme of war; iconic world war two images are shownRead MoreThe Refugee And Asylum Seekers2220 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: I have chosen the topic about the refugee and asylum seekers health issues as refugee health considering one of the important health problems in Australian. The review will focus some issues on refugee health base on the relevant and substantial literature. Literature review tried explore about -How the refugee and asylum seekers are define -their current situations in Australia - Why their health is need to be consider as important issues -how they have been involve with AustralianRead MoreThe Afghan Girl By Stephen Mcmurry1498 Words   |  6 PagesViolence and warfare around the globe are responsible for the displacement of large quantities of individuals from their homes and communities, destroying their quality of life. Areas for displaced peoples, also known as refugee camps, lack the necessary resources and funding to support the large communities of those fleeing violence. The poor standard of living due to the lack of resources cause malnutrition, illness, and often death. Certain difficulties, such as lack of fresh water or medicine

Tattoos and Discrimination free essay sample

In modern times, people with tattoos are judged and stereotyped as being drug addicts, gang members, or criminals. There can always be some truths to this but just like any stereotype; you can never generalize an entire group as being the same way as each other. Tattoos may no longer tell you the tribe a person is from or be a means of fertility but they are a way to identify one’s self; whether it is through religious beliefs, personal beliefs, or carrying on a family heritage. Since tattoos are still being thought of as taboo; mainly by the older generation, people are going to be judged and placed into these types of groups. As time goes on, the manner in which tattoos are portrayed will change and people with them will eventually be treated as equals again. â€Å"Humans have marked their bodies with tattoos for thousands of years. These permanent designs—sometimes plain, sometimes elaborate, always personal—have served as amulets, status symbols, declarations of love, signs of religious beliefs, adornments and even forms of punishment† (Lineberry). We will write a custom essay sample on Tattoos and Discrimination or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During Egyptian times, around 4,000 B.C. , young females would get a tattoo on their upper thigh of an ancient Egyptian deity named Bes, which is a protector of mothers, children and childbirth. (Hodjash 65) This, of course, was done for fertility reasons and the practice was carried on from woman to woman for quite some time because of difficulties in childbirth. As time went on and different discoveries were made, they found that both men and women got tattoos. In one particular case the discovery of a man in Siberia, which was dated back 2,400 years ago, shows his arms, legs and stomach tattooed with different type of creatures from that period. During this time there were many tribes that tattooed many different animals and creatures on their bodies. These were not ordinary people though and they weren’t lowly workers, they were people of high status and regard. Unfortunately, people can never keep a good thing going. During the period of time when Greek monarchs ruled Egypt, which was around 200 B. C. , Greeks had to change it up and start using tattoos as a way to mark people as slaves or to let the surrounding citizens know that a particular person was a criminal. This was carried on for many years by the Greeks until the eventual ruling of the Roman Empire. As Roman soldiers made trips to Egypt they started to pick up some of the practices and traditions of the Egyptians. They would get family members names or battles that they won tattooed on them and show it off when they came home. The trend picked up amongst the people and started to, â€Å"spread across the Roman Empire until the emergence of Christianity, when tattoos were felt to â€Å"disfigure that made in Gods image† and so they were banned by the Emperor Constantine† (Lineberry). To this day many people still carry over this same belief because of the strong Christian influence that is still around; even though it was not a â€Å"sin† until Christianity was discovered. One culture that did not believe tattoos were a sin is the Mayans. Both men and women in the Mayan culture used tattoos as a way to either show their status or to give thanks to their deities. They believed so heavily in this that they had a God of tattooing and his name was Acat. He was not just a God of tattooing but also a patron of tattooists (Mark). As tattooing came to the United States the popularity again began with sailors and soldiers. During the Civil War a gentleman by the name of Martin Hildebrandt opened up a shop in New York City where he tattooed men from both sides of the war. According to Margo DeMello, â€Å"he was instrumental in establishing the U. S. tradition of tattooed servicemen. † Although tattoos were becoming popular amongst the sailors and soldiers, it was still quite expensive and time consuming to get these works of art done. Because of this, wealthy people were the only ones who could really afford tattoos, that is until the invention of the first electric tattoo machine which was patented by Samuel O’Reilly in 1891 (50). After O’Reilly’s invention tattoos became very cost effective and much less painful which made it very popular with lower class people. Since lower class people could now afford to get tattoos that caused the upper class to refrain from getting anymore. Now that tattooing has subsequently been passed along to mainly the lower class, over time it caused for a greater misunderstanding of the people who received them. It has become a taboo because the majority of people getting tattoos during that period of time were not always looked up to in a positive manner. Society has always put a tab on lower class people as being trashy or criminals but this is not always the case. People may grow up poor but that does not mean their morals or beliefs are any different from someone who does not believe in tattoos. Many role models like celebrities, athletes, and political figures have tattoos and they did not get to where they are because of a poor work ethic or bad morals; they got to where they are because they worked hard for it. Most tattooists love their jobs because of the type of people they get to meet and work with everyday. In an interview Amanda West says, â€Å"I feel very fortunate that I have a great bunch of clients. All my clients seem to be fun and nice, spirited people. I enjoy spending time with every one of them, they make me enjoy my job more by being fun, flexible, kind and really good people to be around†(32). To break the taboo of tattoos people will have to be open-minded and realize that any person, regardless of status or markings on their skin, can be a productive and well respected member of society.

The Basics of Argumentative Essay Samples for Grade 8

The Basics of Argumentative Essay Samples for Grade 8 When you're in high school, it's definite that you're expected to do a few write-ups and projects which require pen and paper. It isn't possible to watch videos, listen to music, and a lot more. Or hunt for writing topics that are relevant to a theme like life or animals or family members. It's possible for you to visit the library or surf the internet for materials associated with your topic. However, don't worry, even when you aren't very good at history, we're likely to aid you tackle this area. This section happens to be absolutely the most creative, since they can use a whole lot of thought process with the reader. In consensus, a huge section of the stock exchange analysts and traders appear to believe that the CEO has an immediate effect on the operation of the organization. It's an easy and logical structure. Since you can see there are a whole lot of templates and topics to refer on. This formal argumentative example can help you exactly in this field. Take advantage of these samples as a means to construct your own outline. The Benefits of Argumentative Essay Samples for Grade 8 High school isn't free in Kenya. We understand how to compose a great custom-written argumentative essay that will fulfill your requirements and will get you the grade you desire. It is a whole outline of the way to prepare an argumentative essay for college. How can you write a very good argumentative essay. Usually, argumentative essays aren't similar to othertypes of essays. An argumentative essay is among the many academic essay types. It has a specific format that needs to be followed to blow the mind of the reader, and it is especially useful for students as well as the corporate while making strategic proposals. It is very important to note an argumentative essay and an expository essay might be similar, but they vary greatly in regard to the quantity of pre-writing and research involved. By now you're probably ready to observe an exceptional argumentative essay outline template. You might also see essay examples. In order to supply an in-depth understanding about the argumentative essay, it is best to take a look at some of the greatest examples of argumentative essay. All About Argumentative Essay Samples for Grade 8 After briefly explaining your principal point, the next thing to do is to portray its authenticity for those readers to find out just what you are receiving at. This gives you an edge from your classmates. A lot of people find writing as an effective method to share their thoughts and opinions. If you don't have an urge to waste time on choosing the best topic and writing the entire argumentative essay from scratch, don't forget that you've a loyal group of profession als by your side. We have a tendency to supply a broader approach by teaching you facts and data behind each topic. English language classes usually want a lot of writing. To write a fantastic argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, allowing them to make an educated stance. Include a brief notice of conducting more research into this issue. The thing you ought to do as a way to structure an argumentative essay is to set a claim that's debatable. An essay arguing that income inequality is the most crucial issue of our time as there are large gaps between the wealthy and the poor. A number of you might be knowing an outline gives a hint about the characteristic of an essay. It's really important to look for sources that cover all views of the issue because the intent of this type of essay is to supply an outstanding overview of all details of the topic.

Do a Research Paper on a Topic Between WWI and WWII

Do a Research Paper on a Topic Between WWI and WWIIThe main thing you need to remember if you want to be a good researcher is that you need to know how to do a research paper on a topic between WWI and WWII. This is a crucial piece of information for your research paper because it will determine the format that you need to use for your research paper.The problem with students who just assume that all they need to do is go back and read up on the earlier times is that they may miss important information. If you really want to do a research paper on a topic between WWI and WWII, then you need to do a research paper on a topic between WWI and WWII.This is a very important key point in any study because there are different ways to divide the subject up into segments that help you build up your argument. You can use the Standard Time Scale or you can use the Pre-World War II time scale. You will need to use a combination of both of these scales in order to fully understand the subject mat ter that you will be researching.Before you do a research paper on a topic between WWI and WWII, you should first find out about the definitions of WWI and WWII. You can get this information by using the American Heritage Dictionary (AHD) or the Dictionary of the United States. This way, you will have all the information that you need to understand what the two terms mean.Once you have some knowledge about the definition of WWI and WWII, then you will be ready to begin your research paper on a topic between WWI and WWII. You can use the AHD to help you create your questions and by using the Dictionary of the United States, you will be able to understand what the US Government's definition of these terms is. This will help you understand the US Government's perspective about the events of World War I and World War II.Once you have a good understanding of the two terms, then you can start to set about doing a research paper on a topic between WWI and WWII. This can include the use of US Government publications or the CDS or the Common Dictionaries. Remember, the key here is to understand the terminology is important because you will use the terminology in your research paper.If you really want to do a research paper on a topic between WWI and WWII, then you should start to explore the most recent events in each country that were going on during the time of World War I and World War II. If you are going to attempt to use the History website as your source, then you need to realize that you can't really rely on this source as much as you might think.This is because the History website has made certain that all of their information is out of date. You will have to find other sources that are still up to date to do a research paper on a topic between WWI and WWII.

All About Writing an Introduction Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay

All About Writing an Introduction Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. When you revise your essay, you've got to make sure its organization is completely appropriate to your intended audience, the paper context, and the goal. For instance, if the writer is arguing that democracy is the ideal kind of government, he or she wants to take some time to acknowledge counter-arguments FOR different kinds of governments and disprove them. In nearly all high schools, your capability of writing this kind of essay is going to be evaluated in class. Thus, it's not capable of supplying the essential resources. Your ideas ought to be presented logically. Sometimes introductions are generally a little tricky. Therefore, it has to be effective and logical. Persuasive writing can be hard, particul arly when you're made to face with a close-minded audience. For some folks, writing a superior essay may seems an extremely complicated undertaking. If you're already searching for persuasive essay examples online, you most likely have a somewhat vague idea on the best way to get started writing. Though there are lots of topics on persuasive essay writing, the decent ones always start with a hook. Without a thesis, it's not possible that you present a productive argument. Since you may see, it's only an open-ended question and it doesn't demonstrate the writer's opinion. For example, if you are requested to compose a persuasive essay on abortion then you may approach the aid of eminent essay writers. As a writer, you compose an essay for any particular purpose. If many points exist, attempt to opt for the most crucial details. Now you own a body paragraph. Your body paragraphs need to have a certain connection with one another. Writing an Introduction Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay Secrets The introduction has become the most important paragraph because it gives direction for the full essay. As the previous sentence in the debut, it functions as a pure transition to the very first body paragraph. An introduction paragraph is just the very first paragraph of an essay. The introductory paragraph is perhaps the most crucial paragraph in the essay as it is the initia l and possibly last opportunity to generate an effect on the reader. Gossip, Deception and Writing an Introduction Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay After you've determined the objective of your essay, you're know what information has to be included and the way that it has to be presented. Support Everything Find as much evidence as possible, and place it in your essay. The Writing an Introduction Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay Cover Up Given an essay is a lengthy bit of writing condensing into a 5 page structure is a powerful approach to help it become comprehensive. Don't forget that any argumentative essay sample you'll discover on the internet will require a full rewriting in order to prevent plagiarism. This structure ought to be followed while parting your essay in various sections. There are several free examples of appropriate formatting. Importantly, you ought to think about how to compose argumentative essay introduction and allow it to be effective. If you kn ow what things to expect and know how to compose a five paragraph essay, you'll be ready to tackle any essay writing prompt. How can you compose a great argumentative essay. To put it simply, an argumentative essay has to be based on cold hard facts that have been researched and are verifiable. Essay introduction is your roadmap for the full essay. Outlines are a helpful way to learn what you've found, and what exactly you still will need to find to create a strong, balanced argument about the subject of your essay. Lies You've Been Told About Writing an Introduction Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay You must have three or more paragraphs' worth of evidence for your argument, and should you not, it's possible your thesis isn't strong enough. Irrespective of the quantity or variety of research involved, argumentative essays must set a very clear thesis and follow sound reasoning. Bear in mind a persuasive essay is simply a reflection of your beliefs or opinions. A fantastic persuasive essay example should show you your thesis statement should accomplish three things.

Problem Solution Essay Sample Questions - How to Write Excellent Essays

Problem Solution Essay Sample Questions - How to Write Excellent EssaysThe biggest problem most students run into when writing a problem solving essay sample questions is that they forget to take a few things into consideration. Here are some tips to help you focus on problem solving in your essay.First, you need to know the kinds of thoughts you are trying to express when you write an essay. Do you want to focus on presenting evidence or ideas? Would you like to focus on establishing an argument? What will make you happy and satisfied when you finish the assignment? Every time you choose a method of writing, think about how it will express your ideas.Second, when you write, think about what kind of arguments are acceptable and not acceptable to a certain reader. Some points are worth arguing and others are not. But do not be afraid to back off from arguments that are not perfect. Acceptance is a very important element of a successful essay.Third, remember that every essay is differe nt. Different people have different feelings and opinions. Focus on thinking of topics that will appeal to different people. You may even find that other students will be interested in discussing your essay with you.Fourth, write about topics that you enjoy writing about. Whether it's writing poetry, fiction, or doing research, you can always draw a lot of enjoyment from each task. The more you write, the more comfortable you will become with it.Fifth, write about topics that you love. If you love reading or learning, there are many ways you can include this in your essay. For example, instead of writing an essay about a hot topic, write about your favorite author or movie. Having something that you love to write about makes you less nervous to write. Sixth, think about how you will deliver your thoughts. Will you write them down? You can also consider writing them on the computer. In either case, the idea is to ease into the assignment and get comfortable so that you will have a be tter chance of getting good grades.Seventh, get to know yourself enough to know what you like best about your own writing. By knowing what you like, you will be able to match up the ideas that you have with your writing style. This way, when you go to write your essay, you will have a much easier time deciding which way to go about presenting your thoughts.

Women in Agriculture Essay Example

Women in Agriculture Essay Women in Agriculture 1 Women in Agriculture Heather Heath Dr. Alston April 2010 AGED Women in Agriculture 2 Table of Contents Women Farmers3 One Woman in Agriculture6 Female Agricultural Educators7 Women as Agricultural Extension Agents11 Women in the Public Arena12 History of Women in the FFA15 Women Farmers in Florida16 Women in Agriculture in Arkansas17 Women in Agriculture in Minnesota20 Denise O’Brien22 The Power of Women in Agriculture in Foreign Countries 22 Women Farmers in Africa24 The Future27 Organizations for Women in Agriculture 29 History of Women in Agriculture30 Women in Agriculture 3 Women Farmers Women in agriculture are a diverse, important and often overlooked component of agriculture. Over the past several years there has been a growing acknowledgement of the important roles women play in agriculture. However, the US is still dominated by white males who are traditionally in charge of decision-making and operation. As of 2002, about 2% of farms were operated by women, according to the National Agriculture Statistics Service (NASS). Many of the farms operated by women in the United States are small scale farms that earn less than $50,000 annually. (Female Farmer, 2002) Many women are turning to sustainable and alternative farming because of the difficulties they are facing with traditional agriculture. Women who are Hispanic, African American, and Native American may be especially disadvantaged due to historical and structural racism in farm organizations and federal and state laws in the United States. Today only 1% of farms are operated by African Americans. (Female Farmer, 2002) Many women farm on their own or as partners in the work of family farms. Women on farms perform household tasks, tend gardens, livestock, and assist in the fields as needed. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Agriculture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Agriculture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Agriculture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Often women help support the farm operations or households through paid farm work for others, or through off-farm and nonfarm businesses or paid employment. (Female Farmer, 2002) Women in Agriculture 4 Agricultural education was predominantly a male profession until recent years. With the number of female agriculture educators rising, the number of female students enrolling in agricultural education programs has risen. A challenge for women agricultural educators is balancing career and family. You have to have a good support system in place at home to travel to state and national FFA events. Buehler, 2008) A Department of Agriculture survey shows that the number of women-owned farms in the United States is growing close to a quarter million. These women have learned that they must be innovative in order to survive on the farm. Females make up nearly forty percent of the half-million members of the National FFA Organization. Many of these females hold key leadership positions in the FFA. (Women in Ag, 2008) For more women to become involved in agriculture gender and social equity must be implemented in AKST (Agricultural Knowledge Science and Technology) policies and practices. Priority must be given to women’s access to education, information, science and technology, and extension services. This will improve women’s access, ownership and control of economic and natural resources. Other things that will help women succeed in agriculture are improving women’s working and living conditions in rural areas, giving priority to technological development policies targeting rural and farm women’s needs and recognizing their knowledge, skills and experience. (2007 Census, 2007) The 2007 Census of Agriculture shows that the role of women is continuing to grow in U. S. agriculture. Women are running more farms and ranches, operating more land, and producing a greater value of agriculture products than they were five years ago. The 2007 Census Women in Agriculture 5 counted 3. 3 million U. S. farm operators and 30. 2 percent, more than 1 million, were women. The total number of women operators increased 19 percent since 2002. The number of women who were the principal operators of a farm or ranch increased by almost 30 percent. Women are now the principal operators of 14 percent of the nation’s 2. 2 million farms. 2007 Census, 2007) The 2007 Census also indicated that the majority of female farm operators are Caucasian. A growing percent are of other races and ethnicity. The largest number of women minority operators is American Indian, followed by operators who are Hispanic. (2007 Census, 2007) Farms operated by women have proven to be very diverse in what they produce. Women are much more likely than men to operate farmers classified as â€Å"other livestock farms,† a category that includes horse farms, or â€Å"all other crops,† which includes hay farms. Men are much more likely to run grain and oilseed farms and beef cattle operations. (2007 Census, 2007) The percentage of women operated farms is highest in the West and in New England. The states with the highest percentage of women principal operators are Arizona with 38. 5 percent, New Hampshire with 29. 7 percent, Massachusetts with 28. 9 percent, Maine with 25. 1 percent and Alaska with 24. 5 percent. (2007 Census, 2007) The states with the lowest percentages of women operators are in the Midwest. Women make up less than 10 percent of all farm operators in four Midwestern states: South Dakota with 7. percent, Nebraska with 8. 4 percent, Minnesota with 9. 1 percent, and Iowa with 9. 1 percent. (2007 Census, 2007) Women in Agriculture 6 One Woman in Agriculture As I conducted research for this paper I began to realize that the history of my career in agriculture was important. I began my career in Agriculture in 1999 as a Horticulture Student at Lenoir Community College in Kinston , NC. I fell in love with plants and knew that this was a career I would never abandon. Horticulture is an extension of agriculture and an extremely challenging career. Much of the research I have found on agriculture indicates that women are a minority in the field of agriculture and that it can be a difficult career choice for many women. I agree with this. I have had success in the field of agriculture but many of the girls I went to school with are no longer in the field and have gone back to school to do different things. Agriculture and horticulture are generally considered to be careers for men. However, men are not the only ones who can do the job well. My first job out of college was managing a garden center. This was an extremely interesting job and I learned so much. I then moved to Atlanta Georgia and managed an Interiorscaping Plant Company. I enjoyed the indoor plant business very much and continued to do that for three years. I then moved back to Kinston and began teaching horticulture on a part-time basis. I have taught horticulture at the community college level both part-time and full-time. I decided to begin working on my bachelor’s degree in Agriculture Education three years ago. I have learned so much about the field of agriculture through the classes I have taken at Women in Agriculture 7 North Carolina Aamp;T. I plan to continue my career in agriculture and hopefully pursue my master’s degree in agriculture as well. Agriculture is an exciting and ever changing career with many options. I am not sure if I want to work in extension or at the high school level when I complete my degree. Both would be wonderful career choices with state benefits and retirement. Whatever I chose it will be in the field of agriculture as I know it is the best career choice for me. Female Agricultural Educators A study was recently conducted by the University of Georgia to determine facts about women in agricultural education in Georgia. The study found that the average female agricultural educator in Georgia was 32 years old, had never been married or was married with one child, had a Master’s degree and six years of teaching experience. The study also found that the average female agricultural educator had previous experience with FFA or 4-H in high school, had previous experience in some agricultural related industry area, and spent an average of 43 hours per week completing her professional duties. Females in the study were satisfied with their careers and felt accepted by students, administrators, parents of students and the community. The population of the study was all female agricultural educators in Georgia. The survey was administered and data was collected at local agriculture teachers meetings hosted by the State Department of Education. The study found that 21 percent of agricultural education teachers in Georgia were female. Of the 84 percent that responded to the survey, 43 percent were married and 44 percent had never been married, and 34 percent of them had children. The ages Women in Agriculture 8 f the teachers ranged from 23 to 51 with an average age 32. 45 years. Forty percent of respondents had taught one to five years, 15 percent of respondents had taught six to ten years, 10 percent had taught eleven to fifteen years, 7. 5 percent had taught sixteen to twenty years, and 7. 5 percent had taught over twenty years. (Journal of South, 2006) Fifty one percent of respondents had agricultural education courses in high school and were former members of The National FFA Organization. Sixty-six percent of the respondents had previous experience in some area of the agricultural industry. Thirty-six percent of the women held Bachelor’s degrees, 44 percent held Masters degrees, 17 percent held Specialist degrees, and 3 percent held doctorate degrees. (Journal of South, 2006) The study found that in addition to spending 22. 5 to 30 hours per week in the classroom, female agricultural education teachers spend an average of 21 hours per week on related activities. The reported spending an average of 7 hours per week on preparing for class, 7 hours per week on FFA activities, 5 hours per week on SAE (supervised agricultural education) activities, 2 hours per week in committee meetings, and 11 hours on other work related activities. Courses taught by the women in the study were: FFA/Leadership/SAE, Greenhouse Production, Landscape Design, Floral Design, Plant Science, Animal Science, Forestry, Natural Resources, Agricultural Mechanics, Soil Science, Companion Animals, Nursery Production, Agricultural Business/Marketing, Aquaculture and Food Science. (Journal of South, 2006) There is a significant teacher shortage in many states throughout our country. The findings in this study would be a good recruitment tool for programs of agricultural education. Female students looking for a career need to be made aware of the fact that females in Women in Agriculture 9 griculture education are a relatively young group of professionals who value and complete advanced degrees, who work about 43 hours per week, and who have the option to teach a wide variety of topics. (Journal of South, 2006) Agricultural education programs were originally designed for males and have been traditionally male dominated since their creation. Whe n the national FFA Organization was established in 1928, it was a social outlet and club for male students enrolled in Vocational Agriculture classes. Women were not allowed into the program until after the Civil Rights movement. Vocational Agriculture changed dramatically when women were admitted in 1969. Many male teachers become uncomfortable in dealing with the females in the program as female enrollment continued to increase. The need for female agricultural educators began to increase and agricultural education became a viable career option for women. (Journal of South, 2006) In the early years women found it difficult to break down gender barriers and establish their worth among the men in the industry. Agriculture is considered by the general public to be a male career choice even though the influence of women is far reaching. Even when women began being accepted into agriculture education, there was still the bias that women were only suited to teach horticulture classes, because employers thought they could not physically handle other agricultural areas, that others would not accept women within other areas, that marriage would end women’s professional careers, and that women would be a distraction for men within the workplace. (Journal of South, 2006) The number of female educators has risen in recent years. Data reveals that 43 percent of the newly qualified potential teachers that graduated in 2001 were female. In the 2003 Foster’s Women in Agriculture 10 report of national datum, it was estimated that approximately five percent of secondary agriculture teachers were female and the Camp et al. found 22 percent to be female in their survey in 2002. If so many females are being educated to be agricultural education teachers what is happening to the ones that wanted a career in agricultural education after they graduate from college? (Journal of South, 2006) The need for female educators is great in agricultural education because 38 percent of the National FFA Organization’s membership is female. These females hold more than 50 percent of the state leadership positions across the country. Today agricultural education teachers are teaching, training, developing and working with male and female students on an almost equal basis. (Journal of South, 2006) Foster, Pikkert and Husmann studied self-perception of gender bias among women agriculture educators in 1991 and found that female agriculture teachers were satisfied with their current positions. They also determined through the study that gender bias was a deterrent for women entering the agricultural education profession. Significant factors that have been found to contribute to the occupational success or failure of a female include: the pressure or support received from co-workers, family members, and friends, and level of perceived discrimination and sexual harassment. The major concern shared by women who teach agricultural education, was acceptance by their co-workers, namely male agricultural educators. Even with these problems, the Foster’s national study conducted in 2001 found that the majority of women in agricultural education loved their work. Journal of South, 2006) Women in Agriculture 11 Women as Agricultural Extension Agents In 2004 female county agents with agricultural program responsibilities consisted of only about 11. 4 percent of the population. A questionnaire was sent to these women and although the majority of them sited a high level of job satisfaction, almost 60 percent felt they had experienced barriers and challenges as a result of their gender. The majority of fema le county agricultural agents that participated in the survey were married, 68. 1 percent. Only a little over 50 percent of the subjects reported having children. The majority of the women fell into three age categories: 26-30, 41-45, and 46-50. The ethnicity was mostly Caucasian with 93. 2 percent. Minority populations of Hispanic, African-American, and Native American reported between 1. 3 and 1. 8 percent of the total population. The largest number of respondents reported salaries between $40,000 and $44,000 per year. (Journal of Extension, 2004) The women extension agents reported spending 70 percent of their time working with adults in agricultural programs. They stated that they spent 18 percent of their time working with 4-H and youth programs. Research indicated that extension agents were involved in assessment, planning, teaching, evaluation, serving on boards and committees, making farm/ranch visits, conducting research, and working with clients, volunteers, media, and the larger community. Sixty eight percent of the female agents held Master’s degrees. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Fifty-seven percent of female extension agents indicated that they felt they had experienced barriers or challenges in their profession due to their gender. The most common challenges were: lack of acceptance from male colleagues and clients; the need to â€Å"prove yourself†; no monitoring or inclusion by male peers; and the â€Å"good ole boy system. † Women in Agriculture 12 Women were also asked to identify any sacrifices they had made to reach their current level of achievement in their career. Most women stated time away from family; lack of personal or social time; the decision to not have more children or to delay having a family; and a firm commitment that the pay offered is too low for the educational requirement of the job. Almost 85 percent of all respondents reported being satisfied or very satisfied with their jobs. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Women in the Public Arena Now more than ever, farm women are being called upon to educate the public about farm issues and farm life and to represent agriculture in the public policy arena. As the business of producing food and fiber has changed, so have the issues facing rural America. Consumers are showing concern about food safety, the use of farm chemicals, the treatment of farm animals and farming’s effect on the environment. In many cases, rural women are accepting the responsibility for communicating messages to young people and the non-farm public. (Buehler, 2008) Rural women are very involved in promotional activities. There are several events that are celebrated in various states to bring recognition to farmers and their accomplishments. These are events like National Agriculture Week and National Farm City Week. Organizations celebrate in many different ways from state to state. National Farm City Week is conducted to help bridge the gap between urban and rural populations. Buehler, 2008) The women of the Farm Bureau organization have made special progress in determining and supporting public policy issues. More and more women are serving as directors of their local Women in Agriculture 13 Farm Bureaus and are involved in the policy debates. Farm Bureau’s primary purpose has always been to improve the quality of life in rural communities. Farm Bureau women are not only indirectly involved wit h this process but a growing number are serving in political leadership positions on the local and state levels. (Female Farmer, 2002) The biggest concern of Farm Bureau is finding ways to attract young farm women. In many cases, the young farm wife has an off-farm job and is juggling that with raising children and assisting with the farm operations. Farm Bureau is going more to try to shape their programs and activities to fit in with people’s busy schedules. (Female Farmer, 2002) The first female U. S. Department of Agriculture Secretary of Agriculture was put in place during the Bush administration. Ann M. Veneman is the Secretary of Agriculture. She grew up on a peach farm in a small rural community. She has spent much of her career dedicated to food and agriculture issues and advancing sound U. S. farm and food policies. The U. S. Department of Agriculture which she is head of employees 100,000 people. The U. S. D. A. has many programs. It leads the federal U. S. hunger effort with the Food Stamp, School Lunch, School Breakfast, and the WIC program. It brings housing, modern telecommunications, and safe drinking water to rural America. It is responsible for the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products. It also helps to ensure open markets for U. S. agricultural products and provides food aid to needy people around the world. (Female Farmer, 2002) Rural women make up one-quarter of the world’s population and in some countries they produce up to 80% of the food. In the United States there are around 130 cooperatives that are Women in Agriculture 14 owned and run by women. They do everything from growing sweet potatoes, to being quilters, to crabmeat producers, to being weavers. (Female Farmer, 2002) Women are key to addressing the food security and nutrition goals that are central to U. S. and international commitments to cut hunger in half by 2015. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, women grow 70% of the food for family and local consumption. We must ensure that the concerns and needs of rural women are brought into every stage of agricultural development programs. Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) Today, in many parts of the world , there is an increasing trend towards what has been named the â€Å"ferminization of agriculture. † Conflict, the search for paid employment in the cities, and the HIV/AIDS epidemic have all contributed to a rapid decline in the male population in rural areas in Africa. As men’s participation in agricultu re declines, the role of women in agricultural production is increasing. (Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) In the spring of 1973, ten women that were majoring in agriculture at the University of Wisconsin-Madison felt a need to unite. The group included Phyllis Agnew, Sue Hyslop, Emily Uhlenhake, Donna Cooper, Sue Gall, Lois Legatt, Sue Alderman, Barb Lee, Maureen DeBruin, and Patty Prust. They wanted to encourage their personal development to prepare themselves for careers in agriculture. (Women in Ag, 2008) These women formed an organization called the Ag Women’s Cooperative. They sought to form a unified group that would help women in agriculture to achieve their goals and to improve communication among agriculture women, men and faculty. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women in Agriculture 15 In 1974, the name was changed to the Association of Women in Agriculture. An early goal was to find a house for the group. One early challenge of the Association of Women in Agriculture was being recognized by the Ag Hall as being eligible for the Ag living unit grade point traveling trophy. After they were recognized, the Association of Women in Agriculture won the award often. The Association of Women in Agriculture hosted its first National Ag Women’s Conference in 1985. It also organizes an annual career conference. (Women in Ag) History of Women in the FFA Over the years many state FFA associations allowed girls to become members. However, the national association did not allow female members. In fact, in 1930, at the 3rd National FFA Convention, the all-male delegation amended the organization’s constitution to restrict the membership to boys only. (Ricketts, Stone, Adams, 2008) At this time, many women were full partners on the family farm, working alongside their husbands and sons. The magazine Successful Farming even represented the impact women had on agriculture in 1940 when they had a female farmer on the cover of their magazine. The picture was of Marguerite Craig who raised chickens and she helped pave the way for the future women in agriculture. (Ricketts, Stone, Adams, 2008) Although girls were allowed to participate in chapter and state FFA activities, they were not admitted to membership in the national organization. Therefore, they could not compete in contests, attend national leadership seminars and programs, nor become national FFA officers. Women in Agriculture 16 In 1967, a resolution was presented at the FFA National Convention to allow girls into the organization. It was defeated. Two years later in 1969 an amendment was passed allowing full membership rights and benefits to women in FFA. Today the National FFA Organization has more than 450,000 members. Women make up 35 percent of the membership and 47 percent of the leadership. (Ricketts, Stone, Adams, 2008) Women Farmers in Florida Women farmers are making their presence known in Florida. They are changing the way food is grown and sold and even how it tastes. In Homestead, Teena Borek is growing heirloom tomatoes in all shapes and colors to supply Miami’s five-star restaurants and gourmet markets. In Monticello, Dr. Cynthia Connolly is producing organic muscadine wine in Florida’s only certified organic farm winery. Betty O’Toole of Madison is producing organic herbs and hosting workshops, day internships, and tours of the farms display gardens. (Buehler, 2008) Dr. Cynthia Connolly, who owns and operates Ladybird Organics, a 50-acre organic farm in Monticello, says part of the problem for female farmers is the absence of national support program for small and medium-sized farmers. During the 17 years she has been running her business, she has often been forced to supplement her income with off-farm jobs simply to make ends meet. Buehler, 2008) Creativity is a quality that women farmers seem to possess in abundance. It’s the special something they bring to this once tradition-bound, male-dominated industry. As women become business owners there is a constant stream of new ideas in the agriculture industry. Women are Women in Agriculture 17 not afraid to think outside the box. They are willing to challenge conventional growing methods and marketing techniques. It is no surprise that women are a driving force in alternative and sustainable agriculture. Studies show that women are more likely than men to farm organically and on small acreages. They are also more likely to farm part time and without the help of large, expensive equipment. (Buehler, 2008) Growing a delicious high-quality product isn’t enough. To succeed in small-scale farming these days you have to be a good marketer. Many small farmers are involved in some form of direct marketing. The farmer’s success ultimately hinges on their ability to build personal, trusting relationships with their customers. . (Buehler, 2008) Since 1985, Florida has recognized women who have made outstanding contributions to the state’s agricultural community through its Women of the Year in Agriculture Award. Sponsored by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the Florida State Fair Authority, the award is presented during the opening-day luncheon of the Florida State Fair in Tampa. . (Buehler, 2008) Women in Agriculture in Arkansas The roles women hold in Arkansas agriculture are as diverse as the women themselves. The number of women principal operators grew about 6 percent in Arkansas between 1997 and 2002. There are women who hold prominent positions in firms that support agriculture, such as agricultural lending institutions, farm input suppliers, veterinary/animal clinics, and agricultural processors. Female Farmer, 2002) Women in Agriculture 18 To respond to the increase in women involved in agriculture, researchers need to understand the challenges women face and the goals they hold so as to be successful in their business endeavors. Three conferences were recently held for Arkansas women in agriculture with the goal of enriching lives and empowering women in Arkansas in all aspects of agriculture including production, processing, marketing and retailing. Of the 754 female conference attendees, 344 agreed to participate in survey research that examined their roles, challenges and successes. Female Farmer, 2002) Of the 344 participants in the survey, 54 were principal farm operators, 156 were agribusiness owners, and 134 were farm/business employees. Most principle operators were involved in livestock production, but some also listed rice, soybean, cotton, forest and vegetable production. Agribusiness owners included farm input supply, medical services, marketing services, and credit services. (Female Farmer, 2002) Three factors explain why women’s importance in agriculture in Arkansas is growing. First, more women in the state are inheriting these operations due to death, divorce, and illness. Second, women are making voluntary career changes into agriculture, beginning with small-scale production and increasing land base and production each year. Third, more women are choosing college programs that prepare them for important positions in agricultural industries. At the University of Arkansas, the number of female agriculture graduates grew by 50 percent between 1997 and 2005. Women are feeling confident in their roles in agriculture. When as whether they would keep their business in the event of their life partner, 77 percent said definitely yes. Women in Agriculture 19 When women in Arkansas were asked to gauge their success they focused more on individual growth and community then on traditional profit measures. When asked about 13 ways to measure success, these women chose ability to apply talents and skills directly to their work, being excited about their work, trying new ways of doing things, being involved in their communities, and improving their family’s standard of living as the most important measures of success. (Female Farmer, 2002) The women were also asked about 13 challenges that they might face in their work. Being respected as a female business owner and keeping good employees were the largest challenges faced by all women. (Female Farmer, 2002) The research indicated that Arkansas women are involved in every aspect of agriculture and their influence is growing. While some common measures of success and challenges were identified, the results suggest that different types of agricultural women hold different attitudes about business and face different challenges. (Female Farmer, 2002) There are approximately 300,000 women farm operators across the United States, which is over 17% of the family farmer population. This is the largest group of minority farmers in the country, and their number is growing. An estimated 43,000 of these farmers have been discriminatorily denied more than $4. 6 billion in farm loans and loan servicing from the USDA over the years. Many women were told that money or applications had run out, even though men seemed to be finding them with no trouble at all. Others were told to return to the loan office with their fathers, or husbands, or brothers, so that the men could file the applications on their Women in Agriculture 20 behalf. And some were even subjected to crude and horrible advances by loan administrators, who demanded a sexual quid pro quo in return for approving their loans. (Buehler, 2008) Women in Agriculture in Minnesota Women have farmed alongside their husbands and families since people started cultivating the land. Native Americans were the first women farmers in Minnesota. Historians agree that the success of the American family farm was dependent on the help of women. Research shows that women have been filing the roles of farmers in their own right, farm manager or partner than society gives them credit for. Women in Ag, 2008) As many as 2,400 women homesteaded their farm in Minnesota without a husband between 1863 and 1889. These women were in addition to the thousands of other women that farmed alongside their husbands or families as Minnesota was settled. Women were often left to manage their farms as husbands went off to war, prospecting, and serving in government or when their husbands m oved to town or back East to earn money. In the 2002 Census of Agriculture 6,370 women were reported as principal operators. This represents 7. % of the total number of principal operators. (Women in Ag, 2008) Restructuring of the farm economy has had an effect on women’s exposure to agricultural tasks. In the past, during times of economic crisis, farm women increased participation in alternative agricultural enterprises, such as chicken and egg production to provide additional income. Research indicates that farm women do not have the same access to transfer of knowledge that men do. A major constraining factor for transfer of knowledge was the attitudes Women in Agriculture 21 arents held about what was acceptable farm work for girls. People reported that sons were given more opportunities to learn about farming than daughters were. Others report that daughters were less likely to be taught about tractors as well. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women in agriculture make tremendous co ntributions to American society, especially within rural communities. Their involvement on the farm is expanding to include more decision making and hands-on participation, and these roles have opened the door for many more women to become farmers. In the mid 1980s, educators began to notice the changing role of American women in agriculture and began to host more conferences for women. These programs represent the first step in meeting the needs of women in agriculture. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women are also venturing off the farm to provide additional income for the household and to give leadership to and participate in organizations that support regional agriculture in rural communities. The 2002 Census of Agriculture showed a 40% increase in the number of women operators in the last decade. The organizations that farm women participate in give them the skills and networking opportunities needed to help their farmers succeed. Even though women often met separately from men in agricultural organizations and did not hold leadership positions in the early years, they are still vital members of the organizations today. The number of women receiving agriculture-related degrees has more than doubled since 1993, to reach 28,801 degrees given to females in 2000. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women in Agriculture 22 Denise O’Brien Denise O’Brien is a passionate advocate for family farms and sustainable agriculture. She has been farming organically in Iowa for 30 years with her husband. She served as president as the National Family Farm Coalition from 1993 to 1995. Her interest in farm issues led her to travel with delegates Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Seeing only a few women speaking out about agriculture, Denise addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations on behalf of farmers. She also founded the Women’s Farming and Agriculture Network in 1994. The organization works to connect and inspire American women who are building all aspects of a sustainable food system. Women in Ag, 2008) One of the most helpful developments for women working in agriculture today is the advent of women’s agricultural networks. These groups aim to increase the number of women who own and operate profitable farms and farm related businesses. The networks sponsor meetings, workshops, and tours focused on education. Members also help each other overcome obstacles by sharing their experiences. They offer mentors and resources for new farmers and others who need help. (Women in Ag, 2008) The Power of Women in Agriculture in Foreign Countries Around the globe the typical farmer is a woman and not a man. This is particularly true in poor countries, where agriculture is mostly women’s work. It is estimated that rural women produce 60 to 80 percent of the food in developing countries, and they are primarily responsible Women in Agriculture 23 for their families for security and nutrition. In parts of Africa women produce 80 percent of the food supply. However, they receive less than 10 percent of the credit going to farms and own an estimated 2 percent of the land. Research also indicates that when women earn extra income they are more likely than men to invest in education, food and health care for their children. This creates a positive cycle of growth and may help lift and entire generation out of poverty. Helping women farmers access the resources they need to grow food and other crops is crucial to ending hunger, improving child nutrition, and helping many poor economies grow. (Women in Ag, 2008) In 1999 the national and provincial departments of agriculture began celebrating the role of women in agriculture. Each year, top female farmers are honored in the Female Farmer of the Year competition. The project was initiated by the national Department of Agriculture to empower women in agriculture by recognizing their contributions and increasing their visibility. The National Female Farmer of the Year event is a combination of six months of intensive work undertaken in the provinces to mobilize women at grassroots level to participate in nominating their peers for the awards with the assistance of the cooperative extension workers. Individuals and groups are nominated in three categories. The first is top producer for the export market and she must export more than 50 percent of her production. The second is top producer for national markets and they must have an impressive quality of production on the local market. The third is top producer for informal markets and they must produce an impressive quality of produce to support their household and must be economically active. An overall winner is also picked from the three national winners. (Female Farmer, 2002) Women in Agriculture 24 Women Farmers in Africa The Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network is sponsoring a three year pilot project to help rural women farmers influence agricultural policy development in southern Africa. Funding for the program is provided by a $900,000 grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. (Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) The project seeks to strengthen women farmers’ ability to advocate for appropriate agricultural policies and programs. The goal is for women farmers to have access to the tools that help farm more successfully, such as access to credits and better seeds, by ensuring that local and national policies and services address their needs. (Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) In Africa, the majority of rural farmers are women. Research demonstrates women are often excluded from the decision-making process and local governance. By empowering women farmers to advocate for their concerns this project aims to ensure women farmers have what they need to increase their income and provide for their families. Women have little access to land, seed, fertilizer, credit, and technology. Due to a combination of logistical, cultural and economic factors, they are often not able to benefit fully from development programs and services. Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) Women’s agriculture jobs in developing countries cover production, processing, preparation, and preservation of foodstuffs and other farm products. They are also often responsible for marketing produce from the farm. Women in most parts of the world have a longer working day than men and so lack of time can be a major cause of declining food Women in Agriculture 25 production. Women may work up to 18 hours per day in busy seasons. It is no surprise that women in developing countries in their reproductive years have health worse than that of men. The roles of women farmers in Nigeria vary considerably by ethnic group. The Hausa Fulani women do little work in the fields because of the plough/grain culture and the restrictions on women of the Islamic religion. The well-to-do urban Muslim women in seclusion do not engage in agricultural work of some kind. Poor Muslim women are heavily involved in agricultural work in food processing and preparation. The Yoruba women are becoming more and more involved in agricultural work with the increase of cash crop production and the expansion of food production and raw materials for industry. The Ibo women play a dominant role in food production. Most women’s work in agriculture is unpaid, but some women are employed as agricultural laborers. In the Philippines, women play a major role in agriculture, mostly as unpaid family workers or self-employed farmers. The crops with the largest number of women workers are rice, coconut and banana. Women in the Caribbean are responsible for more than 50 percent of food production and are also involved in food processing and marketing, including inter-island marketing. Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) The WFAN is a pilot project to develop â€Å"Women’s Learning Circles† in three counties in eastern Iowa. The project is called â€Å"Women Caring for the Land†. The original goal, to directly improve water quality by educating and empowering women landowners to enact their own values for conservation of the land. At least three women who participated in the project made significant changes in the way their land was farmed. Several women made appointments with their District Conservationists to go over their conservation plans or to have farm visits. Women in Agriculture 26 Women are interested in learning new agriculture information in many ways. They expressed a desire to hold frequent meetings where they could meet face to face to focus on relevant single topics rather than covering several topics at once. The women preferred meeting at tables in small groups of 6-8 to foster discussion. Many of the women stated that they enjoyed learning in the company of other women. They felt that limiting participation to women would create a supportive atmosphere. They also stated that they would like to listen to women presenters. They wanted to hear from women farmers, farm wives, managers, marketers, conservationists, bookkeepers, and community college teachers. Women expressed the desire to be interactive in meeting. The women also wanted to exchange stories with their peers to create stronger social bonds. The women suggested meeting in peaceful places such as nature centers, retreats, and community center. Finally, they mentioned that child care support would be helpful to them allowing them to attend meetings. (Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) In the Philippines, women control 79% of street enterprises. In Senegal, 53% of vendors are women. Due to the socio-economic status of women and their traditional gender roles, they dominate informal sector of which urban agriculture is part. Urban agriculture has become an important survival strategy of the poor who are mostly women. Even though women face lack of extension services, lack of land, and the practice being considered illegal, they are not willing to stop farming in the city. Women participate in urban agriculture as a means of income diversification to contribute to the food consumed by their families. It is clear that urban agriculture improves women’s socio-economic status in a number of ways. It gives them a chance to participate in decision-making, improves their economic status and enables them to acquire independent income. (Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) Women in Agriculture 27 The Future To enable urban farmers to benefit and improve their socio-economic status, the Urban Authority Act that governs land-use practices in the city should be amended to incorporate urban agriculture as an important informal sector. Buehler, 2008) Women’s roles in society continue to change. Women have always played an important, yet often unrecognized role in agriculture. As families and communities face an ever changing world, agriculture and women’s positions in this sector need more critical attention. There is variability among women farmers, and there is a need to develop a better understanding of their place within society, in agriculture and particularly within the br oader population of traditionally underserved farmers, including small-scale, limited resource and minority producers. In a 2001 national survey of women on farms conducted by researchers at Pennsylvania State University, 30 percent were full partners and 40 percent were involved as business managers or helpers. Census data shows that women’s participation in farm programs has increased as well. A qualitative/quantitative study of women farmers in Minnesota suggests that there is a tendency for some women producers to be involved in agricultural activities outside of the mainstream of the dominant forms of agriculture and to express interest in conservation-oriented and alternative enterprises. Investigations of women’s participation in the move toward conservation and sustainable agriculture suggest that they are likely to pursue improvement of quality of life for their families and communities as a main goal. (Buehler, 2008) Women in Agriculture 28 Approximately half of women in the research project conducted in 2001 and 2003 held off the farm jobs, while just over one-third of participants in the women in agriculture project reported the same status. Over 60 percent of participants in both the risk management survey and the most recent focus groups reported that their spouse worked an off-farm job. Buehler, 2008) In an exercise where women in agriculture focus group participants were asked to identify themselves as farmers, farm wife or friend of a farmer, a large majority of them indicated that they thought of themselves as farmers. When asked how they began farming, 70. 6 percent of women focus group participants indicated that they grew up on a farm. One-quarte r of participants indicated that they had inherited a farm. Nearly half of the focus group participants said that their spouse farmed. Eighty-five percent of the participants stated that they made decisions about farm management. Buehler, 2008) When women were asked about barriers they faced in trying to achieve their goals, they identified several problems. They included limited access to the expertise needed for many entrepreneurial marketing endeavors. Some people also stated that they did not receive adequate support from their families. (Buehler, 2008) Women farmers emphasized the need for more respect for their position in agriculture among family members, community residents, organizational representatives and government agencies. The women in every group expressed gratitude for the opportunity to come together for a group reflection on issues they faced in agriculture. They wanted more networking opportunities at the local, state, regional and national levels, and interest was expressed in more research. (Buehler, 2008) Women in Agriculture 29 Organizations for Women in Agriculture In 2009 an organization and website was established for women farmers called The Women Farmers. All members are women who own, run or operate farms, from the small farm that sells at the local farmers market to the huge farms that are thousands of acres. The website is http://womenfarmers. org/ . (Women in Ag, 2008) American Agri-Women officially began November 14, 1974. Today, American Agri-Women has 50 state and commodity affiliate organizations as well as individual member throughout the country, representing tens of thousands of women involved in agriculture. Throughout the history of AAW, the members have been actively involved and making a difference in legislative and regulatory matters at the local, state, and national levels. They have also been instrumental in student and consumer education about agriculture, having initiated the Agriculture in the Classroom program at the national level. (Women in Ag, 2008) The Women’s Agricultural Network uses educational, technical assistance and networking opportunities to increase the number of women owning and operating profitable farms and ag-related businesses, as well as their profile in leadership positions throughout the agricultural sectors of business, government and community. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women in Agriculture is the USDA’s resource for women involved in agricultural activities in the U. S. The Website offers links to the Third International Conference on Women in Agriculture and other USDA organizations. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women in Agriculture 30 History of Women in Agriculture As early as 1903, more than fifteen states were offering â€Å"institutes† especially for women. Early organizations for women in the Midwest, called â€Å"domestic science associations,† were formed to teach better methods in the home and to promote domestic science in the schools. Other names for these organizations included neighborhood study clubs, homemaker clubs, farm women clubs, and home bureaus. Journal of Extension, 2004) The first home demonstration clubs associated with Extension in the South developed from the girl’s tomato clubs, the home demonstration agents took advantage of the opportunity to demonstrate improved methods of housework. The success of this method of teaching rural America gained support for a national system of Extension work. The agricult ural colleges and experiment stations requested federal funds for an Extension unit of the land-grant system through the American Association of Agriculture Colleges. Journal of Extension, 2004) When World War I was declared, large numbers of men joined the service. By 1916 over 3,000,000 men had joined the army. The country was desperately short of labor. The Government decided that more women would have to become more involved in producing food and goods to support the war effort. It was suggested that as reward for their effort, women would he given the right to vote after the war. Over 250,000 women became farm labors during the war. In some areas, farmers were unwilling to employ women. In 1916 the Board of Trade began sending agricultural organizing officers around the country in an effort to persuade farmers to accept women workers. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Women in Agriculture 31 At St. Michael’s Parish Hall in Sussex, Miss Bradley, agricultural organizing officer for the Board of Trade, said that Sussex had been one of the best countries for recruiting for the army and navy, and she hoped that with the cooperation of the farmers it would occupy a similar position with regard to women working on the land and filling the places of the men who had gone to war. She believed that the home grown food supply would be a quarter below the average that year. She realized that the difficulties and prejudices were being gradually overcome and that when farmers realized that women could do useful work they would accept their service more and more readily. Women were proving that they could perform useful work- in offices, in ammunition work, and in assisting in tarring and repairing roads. On farms, too, they could be of great assistance. Three pence an hour was the minimum wage for untrained helpers. In March of 1864, two years after the creation of the USDA, the Commissioner received authority to employ women as clerks. By 1891, there were 169 women in the USDA, which was roughly 12 percent of the employees. Legal changes in the 1960s and 1970s began to open more opportunities for women. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Women operators are generally full owners of their farms and live on their property. Many inherited the farms as widows and chose to continue the family business. Beginning in 1982, the average age of women farmers began to decrease and by 1997 more than 40 percent were under 55 years old. More women are making the choice to own and manage their own farms, and one of the goals of NIFA’s goals is to provide them with the tools they need to succeed. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Women in Agriculture 32 Nearly half of these women regard farming as their primary occupation, though the financial rewards are not great. Most women-owned farms are small, diversified, and financially at-risk. Nearly 70 percent of them have less than 140 acres, nearly 80 percent report annual sales under $25,000, and they are more likely than other farms to raise livestock or high-value crops. NIFA addresses the special needs of women and other minority farmers through core funding to support research, education, and extension at the land-grant colleges, and through competitive funding opportunities such as the Agriculture Risk Management Education and Funding Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers. An example of the program is the North Central Risk Management Education Center at the University of Illinois. Center funding and coordination have generated extension programs in all 12 states across the region focusing on the needs of women in agriculture, working with women to identify the specific risks they face, and providing them with the necessary information and tools to overcome these risks. (Journal of Extension, 2004) The programs include educational workshops and online information and networking through the â€Å"Heart of the Farm† project in Wisconsin. The education center also sponsors annual Women in Agriculture conferences in South Dakota, and grass roots Risk Management Clubs led by women farmers in Nebraska. (Journal of Extension, 2004) The â€Å"Women in Ag† program at the University of Nebraska provides risk management education to women farmers, giving them the tools and information they need to make informed decisions. NIFA funding recently supported the program’s 19th Women in Ag Conference and the expansion of the program’s networking capacity. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Women in Agriculture 33 In several northeastern states, Women in Agriculture Networks provide education, technical assistance, and networking opportunities to increase the number of women owning and operating profitable farms and agriculture-related businesses. While these programs are closely tied to their state extension office, they are often strengthened by collaboration with other agencies. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Conclusion Women working in agriculture are not a new concept. Women have been helping on the farm since the beginning of civilization. Many women who work in agriculture fields are extremely satisfied with their careers. However, women face many challenges in agriculture. Women are interested in more studies and more support from society. The USDA must provide better outreach, technical assistance and other forms of support to women farmers. The future is bright for women in agriculture. Women in Agriculture 34 References Small Farm Digest. (2008). Women in Agriculture. Retrieved March 5, 2010 http://www. csrees. usda. gov/newsroom/newsletters/smallfarmdigest/sfd_sp08. pdf Journal of Extension. (2004). A Profile of Female County Agricultural Agents in Today’s CES. Retrieved March 5, 2010. http://www. joe. org/joe/2004december/a3. php Female Farmer, (2002). A Celebration of Women in Agriculture. Retrieved March 5, 2010. http://www. nda. agric. za/docs/ff2002-2. pdf Women Thrive Worldwide. (2010). Women Feed the World. Retrieved March 6, 2010. http://www. womenthrive. org/index. php? opinion=com_contentamp;tas=viewamp;id=654amp;Itemid=174 Ricketts, John C, Stone, Rhonda, Adams, Elaine. (2006) Female Agricultural Educators in Georgia. Retrieved March 6, 2006. http://pubs. aged. tamu. edu/jsar/pdf/Vol56/56-01-052. pdf | America’s Heartland. (2008). Women in Ag. Retrieved May 7, 2010. http://www. americasheartland. org/episodes/episode_319/women_agriculture. html Buehler, Deb Brandt. (2008). The Evolving Role of Women in Agricultural Education. Retrieved May 7, 2010. http://www. ffa. org/ageducators/mad/issues/0804/story3. cfm 2007 Census of Agriculture. (2007). Women Farmers. Retrieved March 7, 2010. http://www. agcensus. usda. gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/women. pdf